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Factures of Economic Colonialism

• Economic colonialism is also known as neo-colonialism. It may be defined as the invisible system of domination over the former independent countries.
• It aims at continuing economic and political exploitation of the developing or underdeveloped countries.
• It is a kind of challenge to the sovereignty of the newly liberated countries.
• It aims at foiling their efforts for self-reliance, socio-economic progress, removal of poverty and industrial backwardness.
• This system operates through big trading firms, state agencies, military bases, military intervention and intelligence agencies and cultural, education and media organizations.
• So this system may be explained as the system of economic, political and military exploitation of developing countries by the developed countries.
• This is imposed by the imperialist states on the developing countries with a view to keep them within the framework of their capitalist, economic and political system.

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Man’s evolution passed through three ages upto the Iron Ages. The three ages are-

1. The Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)
2. The New Stone Age (Neolithic)
3. The Bronze Age

The tool making and tool using began with the coming of the Homosapiens. Human beings are the only species of animals that use tools. Not only this, but they have also been improving the tools through all the ages.

The tool making and tool using upto the Iron Age can b e briefly described as below-

(a) The Old Stone Age (Paleolithic): This age begins somewhere between 5,00,000 and 2,50,000 years ago In the Old Stone Age human beings lived entirely on hunting, fishing and gathering. The tools they fashioned from stone for this purpose were not developed but rudimentary. These tools only enabled them to live off nature. Their needs were fulfilled through trapping and hunting. Instead of having control over nature, they were dependent on it.

In cultural evolution this period is described as a stage of savagery. Roughly-chipped flint served them in killing a prey, removing the skins, digging up roots and tubers. Here can be seen a gradual improvements in the tool making ability.

(b) The New Stone Age (Neolithic): This Age began some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. In this age human beings were able to increase the supply of food. This was done by cultivating cereals and breeding animals. The cultural characteristics of this age are of the barbaric Age. During this period pottery, the technique of spinning wool, flax and cotton into threads were started. Besides, fashioned stone axes sharpened by grinding also came into being. Hence, the phrase “Neolithic Revolution” is employed to signify the great transition that followed. The remains of this period (are found at many villages on the banks of Denube River). They include a large number of flint arrow heads, bone harpoons, and bone dart heads, hoe blades, sickles and hand-mills.

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Thought and Culture

The pre-linguistic symbols initiated the process of conceptualization. This was the transition from representation of events and experiences through signs or pictorial images to their representation through words and meanings. Studies of early cave paintings by primitive human beings bring to light the accounts of their economic and social history. These pictorial representations depict the cultural aspects f human life during that period. The communication possible amongst the humans leading to intensification of social and cultural participation. Here again we see regional variations in terms of time span I the evolution of linguistic symbols. This is demonstrated through illustration-9 where we see that in Mexico pictorial representations were being used as late as 1000 A.D whereas in India a script had developed as far back as 3500 B.C.

Language and Culture

Soon the ability to use linguistic symbols for representation of events and experiences made communication with others more enduring. This also led to the emergence of social institutions, cultural traditions and social organizations. All these aspects also sharpened the consciousness of human beings. Their self-awareness, sense of identity and humanity were shaped by this consciousness. This distinguishes human beings from other forms of animal life. It has resulted through the processes of biological and cultural evolution.

The ability to communicate by using linguistic symbols liberated human being from their physical and environmental dependence. It made it possible for them to have an objective and critical appraisal of natural and social phenomena. This ability forms an essential part of the cultural endowment of human beings.